Feminae: Medieval Women and Gender Index

53 Record(s) Found in our database

SEE ALSO: recluses

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1. Record Number: 43773
Author(s): Flynn, Rebecca,
Contributor(s):
Title : In Search of Isold de Heton: Biased Portrayals of the Medieval Anchoress and Their Continued Afterlife

Source: Magistra: A Journal of Women's Spirituality in History , 26., 1 ( 2020): Pages 51 - 68.
Year of Publication: 2020.

2. Record Number: 37292
Author(s): McAvoy, Liz Herbert.
Contributor(s):
Title : Writing the Self: Regulating Sex, Body, and Soul

Source: A Companion to British Literature, Vol. 1: Medieval Literature 700-1450. Edited by Robert Demaria, Jr., Heesok Chang, and Samantha Zacher . Wiley Blackwell, 2014. Magistra: A Journal of Women's Spirituality in History , 26., 1 ( 2020): Pages 114 - 129.
Year of Publication: 2014.

3. Record Number: 27618
Author(s): Farina, Lara
Contributor(s):
Title : Money, Books and Prayers: Anchoresses and Exchange in Thirteenth-century England [The author explores texts in the “Wooing Group,” analyzing the language of bargaining and exchange in the relationships the anchoress has both with Christ and her spiritual adviser. Title note supplied by Feminae.]

Source: Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe. Edited by Theresa Earenfight The New Middle Ages. . Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Magistra: A Journal of Women's Spirituality in History , 26., 1 ( 2020): Pages 171 - 185.
Year of Publication: 2010.

4. Record Number: 45710
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Fainche

Source: Dictionary of Irish Biography Edited by James McGuire and James Quinn . Cambridge University Press, 2009. Magistra: A Journal of Women's Spirituality in History , 26., 1 ( 2020): Available open access from the Dictionary of Irish Biography, a project of the Royal Irish Academy: https://www.dib.ie/biography/fainche-a2993
Year of Publication: 2009.

5. Record Number: 45711
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Briúinsech Cael (Briuineach)

6. Record Number: 45714
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Becga

7. Record Number: 45717
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Caintigern (Kentigerna)

8. Record Number: 45738
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Damnait (Dympna)

9. Record Number: 45739
Author(s): Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe,
Contributor(s):
Title : Darbiled (Derbiled, Dervilla)

10. Record Number: 13656
Author(s): Barratt, Alexandra.
Contributor(s):
Title : Teaching Anchoritic Texts: The Shock of the Old [The author discusses texts written for anchoresses, various available editions, and their uses in the classroom. The appendix presents an edited extract in Middle English from "The Rule of a Recluse," the late medieval version of Aelred's letter to his sister, "De Institutione Inclusarum." Following the letter, there is a gloss translating the more difficult words in the Middle English text. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Approaching Medieval English Anchoritic and Mystical Texts. Christianity and Culture: Issues in Teaching and Research Series, Volume 2. Edited by Dee Dyas, Valerie Edden, and Roger Ellis . D. S. Brewer, 2005. Magistra: A Journal of Women's Spirituality in History , 26., 1 ( 2020): Pages 131 - 143.
Year of Publication: 2005.

11. Record Number: 8948
Author(s): Edsall, Mary Agnes.
Contributor(s):
Title : True Anchoresses are Called Birds: Asceticism as Ascent and the Purgative Mysticism of the "Ancrene Wisse"

Source: Viator , 34., ( 2003): Pages 157 - 186.
Year of Publication: 2003.

12. Record Number: 8065
Author(s): Watson, Nicholas.
Contributor(s):
Title : With the Heat of the Hungry Heart : Empowerment and "Ancrene Wisse" [Watson presents his article in two parts. First he argues that the author of the "Ancrene Wisse" conceives of his anchoress readers as herioc figures whose difficult lives raise them above others and serve as a sign of the coming breakdown between clergy and laity. Secondly Watson looks at the influences the text had on later writings which were addressed to lay readers, frequently men. Title note supplied by Feminae. ].

Source: Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Edited by Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski . Cornell University Press, 2003. Viator , 34., ( 2003): Pages 52 - 70.
Year of Publication: 2003.

13. Record Number: 11086
Author(s): Savage, Anne.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Communal Authorship of "Ancrene Wisse" [Savage argues that the male cleric traditionally identified as the author of the "Ancrene Wisse" wrote out of his long experience with the three anchoress sisters and reacted to their comments and suggestions. The text should properly be considered to have been jointly authored. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: A Companion to "Ancrene Wisse." Edited by Yoko Wada . D. S. Brewer, 2003. Viator , 34., ( 2003): Pages 45 - 55.
Year of Publication: 2003.

14. Record Number: 11091
Author(s): Robertson, Elizabeth.
Contributor(s):
Title : Savoring "Scienta": The Medieval Anchoress Reads "Ancrene Wisse" [The author explores the reading experience that the "Ancrene Wisse" afforded the anchoress. Though intended as a guide book, it also encouraged the devout reader to experience Christ's life and thus transcend the limits of the anchorhold. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: A Companion to "Ancrene Wisse." Edited by Yoko Wada . D. S. Brewer, 2003. Viator , 34., ( 2003): Pages 113 - 144.
Year of Publication: 2003.

15. Record Number: 9637
Author(s): Robertson, Elizabeth.
Contributor(s):
Title : This Living Hand: Thirteenth-Century Female Literacy, Materialist Immanence, and the Reader of the "Ancrene Wisse" [The author first surveys the manuscripts of the "Ancrene Wisse" and the languages that early readers would have used. Then she analyzes the broadly historical context of thirteenth century female religious readers. In the final section, Robertson focuses

Source: Speculum , 78., 1 (January 2003): Pages 1 - 36. Abridged version published in Medieval Literature: Criticism and Debates. Edited by Holly A. Crocker and D. Vance Smith. Routledge, 2014. Pages 162-179.
Year of Publication: 2003.

16. Record Number: 11085
Author(s): Millett, Bella.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Genre of "Ancrene Wisse" [The author traces the sources that influenced the "Ancrene Wisse," beginning with Augustine's "libellus" of practical and spiritual advice through the near-contemporary Domincan adaptations of the Premonstratensian customary. Millett also signals the influence of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 which would have made the "Ancrene Wisse" author more leery of encouraging new religious orders as well as taking on the pastoral care of religious women. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: A Companion to "Ancrene Wisse." Edited by Yoko Wada . D. S. Brewer, 2003. Speculum , 78., 1 (January 2003): Pages 29 - 44.
Year of Publication: 2003.

17. Record Number: 6635
Author(s): Warren, Ann K.
Contributor(s):
Title : Virginal Effects: Text and Identity in "Ancrene Wisse" [The author argues that the anchoritic construction of virginity is mainly dependent on language which makes visible an "inner" core].

Source: Gender and Holiness: Men, Women, and Saints in Late Medieval Europe. Edited by Samantha J. E. Riches and Sarah Salih . Routledge, 2002. Speculum , 78., 1 (January 2003): Pages 36 - 48.
Year of Publication: 2002.

18. Record Number: 7133
Author(s): Salih, Sarah.
Contributor(s):
Title : Queering "Sponsalia Christi": Virginity, Gender, and Desire in the Early Middle English Anchoritic Texts [The author examines virginity, in particular the image of the bride of Christ, in the Katherine Group and "Wohunge of Ure Lauerd." She argues that the sexualization in the text does not imply heterosexualization but an eroticism that emphasizes likeness, sometimes both masculine with images of power and sometimes both feminine with images of beauty. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: New Medieval Literatures , 5., ( 2002): Pages 155 - 175.
Year of Publication: 2002.

19. Record Number: 8306
Author(s): Gunn, Cate.
Contributor(s):
Title : Ancrene Wisse: A Modern Lay Person's Guide to a Medieval Religious Text [The author argues that the "Ancrene Wisse" needs to be read carefully with reference to its historical context, modern scholarly theories, and spiritual environment. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Magistra , 8., 1 (Summer 2002): Pages 3 - 25.
Year of Publication: 2002.

20. Record Number: 11035
Author(s): McAvoy, Liz Herbert.
Contributor(s):
Title : Ant Nes He Him Seolf Reclus i Maries Wombe?: Julian of Norwich, the Anchorhold, and Redemption of the Monstrous Female Body [The author explores the themes of suffering and enclosure as characteristically feminine phenomena which gave anchoresses access to the divine. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Consuming Narrative: Gender and Monstrous Appetite in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Edited by Liz Herbert McAvoy and Teresa Walters . University of Wales Press, 2002. Magistra , 8., 1 (Summer 2002): Pages 128 - 143.
Year of Publication: 2002.

21. Record Number: 6165
Author(s):
Contributor(s):
Title : Efter the Measse-Cos, Hwen the Preost Sacred: When is the Moment of Ecstasy in "Ancrene Wisse" [The author examines a passage in the "Ancrene Wisse" concerning the respect that the anchoress should show to the host and the presence of Christ].

Source: Notes and Queries , 2 (June 2001): Pages 105 - 108.
Year of Publication: 2001.

22. Record Number: 4669
Author(s): Pasztor, Edith.
Contributor(s):
Title : L'eremitismo femminile (secoli XII-XV) [Despite a conciliar prohibition of female religious living alone, anchoresses are found in northern Europe from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries. Their spirituality focused at first on mystical experience, including bridal imagery. Later, under Franciscan influence, female recluses focused more on Christ crucified].

Source: Donne e sante: Studi sulla religiosità femminile nel Medio Evo. Edith Pasztor . Edizioni Studium, 2000. Notes and Queries , 2 (June 2001): Pages 65 - 96. Originally published as "Ideali dell'eremitismoi femminile in Europa tra i secoli XII-XV," in Eremitismo nel francescaneismo medievale (Roma, 1989). Pages 129-164.
Year of Publication: 2000.

23. Record Number: 5465
Author(s): Renevey, Denis.
Contributor(s):
Title : Margery's Performing Body: The Translation of Late Medieval Discursive Religious Practices

Source: Writing Religious Women: Female Spiritual and Textual Practices in Late Medieval England. Edited by Denis Renevey and Christiania Whitehead . University of Toronto Press, 2000. Notes and Queries , 2 (June 2001): Pages 197 - 216.
Year of Publication: 2000.

24. Record Number: 5457
Author(s): Millett, Bella.
Contributor(s):
Title : Ancrene Wisse and the Book of Hours [the author argues that the instructions for devotions in the "Ancrene Wisse" represent a middle stage between monastic practice and the Book of Hours, the "breviary for the use of the laity;" the Appendix reproduces an excerpt from the "Ancrene Wisse" and from the early Dominican Constitution dealing with the instructions for saying Matins].

25. Record Number: 4273
Author(s): Chewning, Susannah Mary.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Paradox of Virginity within the Anchoritic Tradition: The Masculine Gaze and the Feminine Body in the "Wohunge" Group

Source: Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages. Edited by Cindy L. Carlson and Angela Jane Weisl . St. Martin's Press, 1999. Notes and Queries , 2 (June 2001): Pages 113 - 134.
Year of Publication: 1999.

26. Record Number: 4378
Author(s):
Contributor(s):
Title : Thirteenth-Century Religious Women: Further Reflections on the Low Countries "Special Case" [The author compares the beguines of the Low Countries with the recluses of England].

Source: New Trends in Feminine Spirituality: The Holy Women of Liège and Their Impact. Edited by Juliette Dor, Lesley Johnson, and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts, 2. Brepols, 1999. Notes and Queries , 2 (June 2001): Pages 129 - 157.
Year of Publication: 1999.

27. Record Number: 3840
Author(s): Flanagan, Sabina.
Contributor(s):
Title : Hildegard's Entry into Religion Reconsidered [The author examines the chronology provided in the "Life of the Lady Jutta" and argues that Hildegard entered the monastery of Disibodenberg around the age of ten in 1108].

Source: Mystics Quarterly , 25., 3 (September 1999): Pages 77 - 97.
Year of Publication: 1999.

28. Record Number: 3509
Author(s): Savage, Anne.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Solitary Heroine: Aspects of Meditation and Mysticism in "Ancrene Wisse," the Katherine Group, and the Wooing Group

Source: Mysticism and Spirituality in Medieval England. Edited by William F. Pollard and Robert Boenig . D.S. Brewer, 1997. Mystics Quarterly , 25., 3 (September 1999): Pages 63 - 83.
Year of Publication: 1997.

29. Record Number: 2270
Author(s): Chewning, Susannah Mary.
Contributor(s):
Title : Mysticism and the Anchoritic Community: "A Time... of Veiled Infinity" [suggests that the author's persona presented in the "Wohunge" is feminine and that mystical texts are acts of feminine writing irrespective of the sex of the author].

Source: Medieval Women in Their Communities. Edited by Diane Watt . University of Toronto Press, 1997. Mystics Quarterly , 25., 3 (September 1999): Pages 116 - 137.
Year of Publication: 1997.

30. Record Number: 751
Author(s): Sensi, Mario.
Contributor(s):
Title : Anchoresses and Penitents in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth Century Umbria

Source: Women and Religion in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Edited by Daniel Bornstein and Roberto Rusconi. Trans. by Margery J. Schneider . University of Chicago Press, 1996. Journal of Medieval History , 22., 2 (June 1996): Pages 56 - 83. Originally published as "Incarcerate e recluse in Umbria nei secoli XIII e XIV: un bizzocaggio centro-italiano" in Mistiche e devote nell'Italia tardomedievale. Edited by Daniel Bornstein and Roberto Rusconi (Liguori Editore, 1992). Pages 57-84.
Year of Publication: 1996.

31. Record Number: 5501
Author(s): Flanagan, Sabina.
Contributor(s):
Title : Oblation or Enclosure: Reflections on Hildegard of Bingen's Entry into Religion [the author argues that Hildegard was both an oblate (offered to the monastery as a young child) and an anchoress (enclosed with Jutta for several years); the author points out that enclosure was not irrevocable nor did it necessarily mean that Hildegard could not exit the cell attached to the male monastery].

Source: Wisdom Which Encircles Circles: Papers on Hildegard of Bingen. Edited by Audrey Ekdahl Davidson . Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1996. Journal of Medieval History , 22., 2 (June 1996): Pages 1 - 14.
Year of Publication: 1996.

32. Record Number: 3586
Author(s): McInerney, Maud Burnett.
Contributor(s):
Title : In the Meydens Womb: Julian of Norwich and the Poetics of Enclosure

Source: Medieval Mothering. Edited by John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler . Garland Publishing, 1996. Mystics Quarterly , 25., 3 (September 1999): Pages 157 - 182.
Year of Publication: 1996.

33. Record Number: 3585
Author(s): Fein, Susanna Greer.
Contributor(s):
Title : Maternity in Aelred of Rievaulx's Letter to His Sister

Source: Medieval Mothering. Edited by John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler . Garland Publishing, 1996. Mystics Quarterly , 25., 3 (September 1999): Pages 139 - 156.
Year of Publication: 1996.

34. Record Number: 790
Author(s): Lewis, Gertrud Jaron.
Contributor(s):
Title : Margareta the Lame and Her Theological Questioning

Source: Mystics Quarterly , 22., 4 (Dec. 1996): Pages 133 - 143.
Year of Publication: 1996.

35. Record Number: 1434
Author(s): Vesce, Thomas E.
Contributor(s):
Title : Light Leaps in "Ancrene Wisse" VI: "Wid Lihtleapes Buggen Eche Blisse"? [the anchoress is enjoined to avoid the leap into lechery and pride, like the leaps of Eve and Lucifer, but instead imitate the leaps of Christ].

Source: Mediaevalia , 19., ( 1996): Pages 385 - 403. (1996 (for 1993)) Published by the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton
Year of Publication: 1996.

36. Record Number: 627
Author(s):
Contributor(s):
Title : Lame Margaret of Magdeburg: The Social Function of a Medieval Recluse

Source: Journal of Medieval History , 22., 2 (June 1996): Pages 155 - 169.
Year of Publication: 1996.

37. Record Number: 259
Author(s): Dusel, Juliana, Sister
Contributor(s):
Title : Bride of Christ: Image in the the "Ancren Riwle"

Source: Sovereign Lady: Essays on Women in Middle English Literature. Edited by Muriel Whitaker . Garland Publishing, 1995. Women's Studies , 24., 3 ( 1995): Pages 115 - 132.
Year of Publication: 1995.

38. Record Number: 1988
Author(s): Tipton, Thomas.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Toads on the Text: The Spirituality of Psalter Reading in the "Life of Christina of Markyate"

Source: Proceedings of the Medieval Association of the Midwest , 3., ( 1995): Pages 51 - 68.
Year of Publication: 1995.

39. Record Number: 394
Author(s): Zimmermann, Margarete.
Contributor(s):
Title : Sharpen Your Mind with the Whetstone of Books: The Female Recluse as Reader in Goscelin's "Liber Confortatorius," Aelred of Rievaulx's "De Institutione Inclusarum," and the "Ancrene Wisse"

Source: Women, the Book and the Godly: Selected Proceedings of the St. Hilda's Conference, 1993. Volume 1 [Volume 2: Women, the Book and the Worldly]. Edited by Lesley Smith and Jane H. M. Taylor . D.S. Brewer, 1995. Journal of Medieval History , 22., 2 (June 1996): Pages 113 - 122.
Year of Publication: 1995.

40. Record Number: 396
Author(s): Bell, David N.
Contributor(s):
Title : Ancrene Wisse and the "Wohunge of Ure Lauerd": The Thirteenth- Century Female Reader and the Lover- Knight

41. Record Number: 617
Author(s): Biscoglio, Frances M.
Contributor(s):
Title : Fragmentation and Reconstruction: Images of the Female Body in "Ancrene Wisse" and the Katherine Group [images of the erotic, the maternal, the ascetic, and of fertility represent the union of the anchoress with Christ].

Source: Comitatus , 26., ( 1995): Pages 27 - 52. [Contributions are accepted from graduate students and those who have received their doctorates within the last three years]
Year of Publication: 1995.

42. Record Number: 1192
Author(s): Feimer, Joel.
Contributor(s):
Title : Sexual Violence and the Female Reader: Symbolic "Rape" in the Saints' Lives of the Katherine Group [the martyred virgins Juliana, Margaret, and Katherine].

Source: Women's Studies , 24., 3 ( 1995): Pages 205 - 217. Special Issue: Issues in Medieval and Renaissance Scholarship
Year of Publication: 1995.

43. Record Number: 475
Author(s): Mulder- Bakker, Anneke B.
Contributor(s):
Title : Ivetta of Huy: Mater et Magistra [the construction of sanctity for a wife and mother].

Source: Sanctity and Motherhood: Essays on Holy Mothers in the Middle Ages. Edited by Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker Garland Medieval Casebooks, 14. Garland Publishing, 1995. Women's Studies , 24., 3 ( 1995): Pages 224 - 258.
Year of Publication: 1995.

44. Record Number: 1573
Author(s): Halpin, Patricia.
Contributor(s):
Title : Women Religious in Late Anglo-Saxon England [while nunneries declined in numbers, endowments, and influence during the post-reform period, evidence suggests that religious women, individually and in small groups, were affiliated informally with men's foundations].

Source: The Haskins Society Journal , 6., ( 1994): Pages 97 - 110.
Year of Publication: 1994.

45. Record Number: 2471
Author(s): Hudson, Vivian Kay.
Contributor(s):
Title : Clothing and Adornment Imagery in "The Scale of Perfection" : A Reflection of Contemplation

Source: Studies in Spirituality , 4., ( 1994): Pages 116 - 145.
Year of Publication: 1994.

46. Record Number: 1438
Author(s): Best, Myra
Contributor(s):
Title : The Lady and the King: "Ancrene Wisse's" Parable of the Royal Wooing Re-Examined

Source: English Studies , 75., 6 (November 1994): Pages 509 - 522.
Year of Publication: 1994.

47. Record Number: 8478
Author(s): Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn.
Contributor(s):
Title : Chaste Bodies: Frames and Experiences [The author explores the "Ancrene Wisse," arguing that it embodies an ideology of containment for women in its emphasis on the enclosed, chaste body. At the same time there are slips since the manuscript shows glimpses of a textual community and even of anchoresses living together. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Framing Medieval Bodies. Edited by Sarah Kay and Miri Rubin . Manchester University Press, 1994. English Studies , 75., 6 (November 1994): Pages 24 - 42.
Year of Publication: 1994.

48. Record Number: 5263
Author(s): Beckwith, Sarah.
Contributor(s):
Title : Passionate Regulation: Enclosure, Ascesis, and the Feminist Imaginary [The author examines the ways in which the body of the anchoress in the "Ancrene Wisse" is controlled through practices including confession, asceticism, regulation of the senses, and physical enactments of "imitatio Christi"].

Source: South Atlantic Quarterly , 93., 4 (Fall 1994): Pages 803 - 824.
Year of Publication: 1994.

49. Record Number: 14767
Author(s): Baker, Denise N.
Contributor(s):
Title : Julian of Norwich and the Anchoritic Literature [The author examines the possiblity that Julian of Norwich might have been influenced by "De inclusarum institutione," the "Ancrene Wisse," Rolle's "Form of Living," and Hilton's "Scale of Perfection." The evidence is not conclusive in any of the cases. However, it is clear that Julian was familiar with the tenets of medieval spirituality as reflected in devotional and anchoritic texts of the time. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Mystics Quarterly , 19., 4 (December 1993): Pages 148 - 160.
Year of Publication: 1993.

50. Record Number: 7417
Author(s): Samons, Loren J., II
Contributor(s):
Title : The Vita Liutbirgae [The author responds to major historical questions surrounding the "Vita Liutbirgae" -- from manuscript history, to dates and locations, to details about Liutbirg herself. A ninth-century anchoress, Liutbirg was raised by a noblewoman. It should be noted that Liutbirg was never canonized and that the author of the "Life" does not refer to her as "sancta." Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Classica et Mediaevalia , 43., ( 1992): Pages 273 - 286.
Year of Publication: 1992.

51. Record Number: 10240
Author(s): Provost, William.
Contributor(s):
Title : Margery Kempe and Her Calling [The author examines the relationship between one’s identity and vocation (job or personal calling) in Margery Kempe’s book. Compared to the medieval woman writer Julian of Norwich (who clearly presents herself as an anchoress) and Chaucer’s fictional Wife of Bath (whose very occupation is being a “wife”), Margery’s social role is indeterminate. She is neither a conventional wife nor a religious woman, and she confuses both her contemporaries and modern readers because she does not fit into any stable occupational category. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Margery Kempe: A Book of Essays. Edited by Sandra J. McEntire . Garland Publishing, 1992. Mystics Quarterly , 19., 4 (December 1993): Pages 3 - 15.
Year of Publication: 1992.

52. Record Number: 12767
Author(s): Millet, Bella.
Contributor(s):
Title : The Audience of the Saints’ Lives of the Katherine Group [The author posits that the Katherine Group had two “concentric” audiences, one composed of anchoresses, and the other, a general audience, directly addressed by the text, who may have received the Lives orally, in church. Title note supplied by Feminae.].

Source: Reading Medieval Studies , 16., ( 1990): Pages 127 - 156.
Year of Publication: 1990.

53. Record Number: 39193
Author(s):
Contributor(s):
Title : Perceval meets with his aunt, a recluse or anchoress

Source: Reading Medieval Studies , 16., ( 1990):
Year of Publication: